顯示具有 Which 標籤的文章。 顯示所有文章
顯示具有 Which 標籤的文章。 顯示所有文章

2012年9月16日 星期日

The Best Deck Materials - Which One Is Right For You?


Which deck materials are right for your deck? Which material is best? Which one lasts longest? Which one requires the least maintenance? Which one costs the most? Or the least? If you choose wrongly, you may have just spent a lot of money on a product you aren't happy with. And one you will likely be stuck with for quite a while.

The answers to these questions and more are found here. There is no single answer to some questions about deck materials. Your situation has characteristics that others may not have, so your needs will be different. Let's look at the options so you can make an informed confident decision. One that you will be happy about for years.

The primary materials used for decks are; wood, composite, plastic and aluminum. We'll look at them individually as you decide what material is best for your deck and your wallet.

Wood

Wood is by far the most common material used for decks. Somewhere around 85 percent of single family homes have some sort of deck. A very high percentage of those are made of wood, mostly pressure treated pine. There are good reasons for the popularity of treated lumber. Yellow pine is strong. If you want to impress your friends you can describe it as dimensionally stable. The rest of us just say strong. It is inexpensive (relatively speaking) and readily available, pretty much everywhere. Treated lumber looks good, especially after it has been stained. When it weathers, it can be refinished easily and look as good or better than new. Yellow pine is easy to cut, nail, screw, and work with in general. On the down side, it doesn't last as long as most of the other products. With proper care, you should get 15 years of good service from a treated lumber deck. Yes, you will need to clean, sand and refinish it every other year or so. And there are always the splinters, cracks, warps, and general wearing out over time. It's always best to look at cost issues over time, rather than just the initial cost. Estimates vary, but when the cost of maintenance and earlier replacement is factored in, the cost of treated pine usually catches up with more expensive woods in 5 to 8 years. Of course, if you need to keep the initial cost low, the cost over 8 years isn't what is important at that time. Let's look at some of the other available wood species.

Redwood

Redwood is an excellent choice for deck material. But you should be very aware of the different grades of redwood. Essentially, the grade is determined by which part of the tree the wood came from, among other factors. The best, and most expensive grade is heartwood, which comes from the heart (or center) of the tree. "Construction heart" and "Select heart" are the best to use for decks. Heartwood can easily last over 30 years in favorable climates. Even in harsh climates it will easily last 20 years. Any other grade should be used only if pressure treated first. This and other harder "soft woods" should be drilled before nailing at the ends of the board to avoid splitting. Redwood has a brownish red color that ages beautifully. Maintenance is still required, but much less often than pressure treated pine. Redwood is about three times the cost of pressure treated pine. Labor costs should be comparable.

Cedar

Cedar is another fine choice for deck material. Again, grade is important. "Custom clear" or "Architect clear" are the best grades for your deck. Why, you ask, does it matter which part of the tree the lumber comes from? The center, or heart, of the tree contains more of the resins that make these species less susceptible to the damaging effects of the weather. The growth rings are closer together, giving the wood a tighter grain - so less tendency to warp. This wood is also more resistant to insects and less likely to rot. End of botany lesson. There are several varieties of cedar, with colors ranging from reds to yellows. The lighter colored species stain beautifully. Like redwood, the ends of the boards should be pre-drilled. Most cedars will easily last 20 years.

Mahogany

Mahogany is occasionally used for decking materials. You need to be careful if you choose mahogany - be sure the wood comes from South or Central America, Mexico, or the West Indies. Usually called American mahogany, this species has great qualities for deck building. It is highly resistant to water and insects and has a deep red color that makes a stunning deck. Avoid the Philippine mahogany varieties as they are not nearly as suitable. The same general rules apply with mahogany as with the other high end woods.

Ipe

Ipe (pronounced ee-pay) is a great wood for deck building. It has some characteristics that are unique among these high end deck materials. And its name is the most fun to say. Really, say "Ipe" quickly five times without giggling. Okay, maybe its just me. Anyway, the wood is extremely durable and is almost impossible to make warp, cup, twist OR splinter. There is no need to seal Ipe, except on the ends of the boards where it is cut. It will weather to a silvery gray color, but will not splinter and will remain smooth. Ipe is also known as ironwood and by the trade name of Pau Lope. It is a very slow growing tree, hence the growth rings are close together and it is extremely dense. That density produces its good qualities, but it also makes it very hard and very heavy. So it is hard to cut and hard to work with in general. Expect your labor costs to be high, as well as your material costs. If Ipe fits in your budget, you will have a beautiful, very low maintenance deck for 30 years or more.

Any of these woods, including the lowly pressure treated pine, can be used to build a beautiful, long lasting deck that will serve you well for years. The differences are in the life of the wood, the maintenance requirements, how it ages and weathers, and the appearance characteristics of the particular species. Cost is reflected in how well the particular decking materials respond to each of those factors. Weigh the benefits against your budget, pick one, and start building! Of course, there are other options as well...

Composite Deck Materials

Composite decking has been the subject of some controversy over the years. I really believe the problem was that it was over-hyped when it was introduced. Many people believed that it was the end of all problems associated with deck materials. They thought is was maintenance free and it would last forever. It is not and it will not. Composite decking is made of a blend of plastic and wood. If there are exposed pieces of wood, they will be subject to the same properties of deterioration as all other wood. The pieces of wood that are completely encapsulated within the plastic will not be exposed to the elements, so they should not deteriorate. Composite deck materials are not all the same, so use a quality product from a reputable source if you choose this option. Avoid the "cheapos', or you'll likely regret it. Composite decking material is "low maintenance"; it is NOT "no maintenance". I'm pretty sure that violates some grammar rule, but you know what I mean. The color will fade over time, and the material can collect stains. Composite material can be scratched fairly easily. In direct sunlight, it can get very hot! If you walk on it barefoot, it will not take you long to get where you wanted to be. However, you will not have any splinters, because there aren't any. Composite material can be prone to mold and mildew, although improvements in the product have made this less of a problem. It is not as structurally strong as wood so it has to be well supported to avoid "bounciness". Typically, treated yellow pine is used for the support structure and composite components are used for the decking and the rails. Thin material is available for wrapping the outer band to give a more uniform appearance. The railing components are quite expensive, so PVC railing is often substituted. When composite decking materials deteriorate, they can't be sanded and refinished, like real wood.

If this sounds like I'm anti-composite, I'm not. It is actually a good product and many, many people have used it with great results and are completely happy with it. It's just that the product was originally built up to be something it is not. The product is durable and while it will weather, it does not disintegrate. Many of the negatives I pointed out earlier also apply to real wood. Composite decking doesn't warp or rot, and never needs sanding or sealing. The boards are all consistent in size and appearance. There are no splits, cracks, or knotholes. Use it if it meets your needs, just understand that it does not last forever.

Plastic Deck Materials

Plastic deck materials are similar to composite, but there is no wood - they are pure plastic. These materials typically cost about 15% more than composite while keeping many of the same characteristics - but not all. Like composite, they offer a very consistent, uniform appearance. They are completely impervious to insects and to rot. Most plastic deck materials products are installed with a system that hides the screws, so there is a very neat appearance, The panels interlock so there is no water dripping through to the area underneath. This is especially nice if you have a patio or other usable space under you deck. Plastic decking requires little maintenance, similar to composite materials. It offers little in the way of structural strength, so proper support is critical. Unlike composite decking, plastic deck materials stay relatively cool, even in direct sunlight. Some customers complain of brittleness in very cold climates or when exposed to heavy UV rays for extended periods, but that is usually not a severe problem. In very hot climates, the plastic will expand and contract as it heats and cools, although again, this isn't normally excessive. From a practical standpoint, plastic decking makes a lot of sense, although it is expensive. From an aesthetic viewpoint, it is so consistent it lacks the "character" of other products. It almost looks too good. Of course, that is just my opinion, you may like that look. It has its advantages, so consider it for your project.

Aluminum Deck Materials

Aluminum is the last material we will consider here. I saved the most expensive for last. Just remember to consider that expense over time, not just at the initial buying time. Aluminum decking will outlast anything else mentioned, so if you buy it when you are 3 years old and live to be 96, it may actually be the cheapest! Really, it won't take that long to average out to be a good deal, but will you be in that house that long? It may help on resale, so you still might come out ahead. Aluminum is very low maintenance, and is easy to clean. It looks good, although it can be dented. Aluminum is lighter than the other products, but stronger. Like plastic, it stays cool in the sun, so there's no need to run across it like your on hot sand. Also like plastic, it has a very clean, almost sterile look. It lacks the homey character many of us like in good deck materials. It is probably the most practical, most expensive, but least warm of the deck materials listed. It would be an excellent choice for a commercial application, or maybe for a rental home at the beach.




Mike Faulk invites you to visit his Backyard Design Ideas website at http://backyard-design-ideas.com. Use the site as a resource as you plan your backyard projects. Discover options and ideas to make your dream backyard a reality. Learn to avoid pitfalls that can turn your dream into a nightmare. Stop by today!





This post was made using the Auto Blogging Software from WebMagnates.org This line will not appear when posts are made after activating the software to full version.

張貼者： 於 凌晨2:38 0 意見
標籤： , ,

2012年9月7日 星期五

Composite or Wood Decking - Which Is Better?


Part of the process of building a deck is deciding which materials to use for the decking. Basically, you have two choices - wood or composite. In this article, I'll share the pros and cons of each type to help you choose the best one for your deck.

The main difference between wood and composite decking is the amount of maintenance required. Wood decking requires more upkeep than composite, but looks nicer. The companies who manufacture composite decking are doing their best to make their product look like real wood, but so far haven't achieved it. I personally don't think they'll ever be able to match the beauty of real wood.

Because of the extra time needed to maintain wood decking, you first need to ask yourself if you have the extra time required to keep a wood deck sealed and looking good. If you DO have the time and are willing to spend it on your deck, great! Go with wood.

If, however, you don't have extra time or don't want to commit to sealing a wood deck once or twice a year, composite might be your best option.

Even though wood decks require more upkeep, there is a type of wood that can be used for decking which requires very little or no upkeep. That wood is cedar. I've actually laid wood decking and done absolutely NOTHING to it and had it last for years with no problems. Cedar is naturally resistant to rain, snow, and sunlight. It doesn't warp or twist, and have very little tendency to check or cup.

The only drawback with cedar decking left unsealed is that is will turn gray over time. If you are opposed to this look, you can opt to seal it once or twice per year. It may still "gray", but it will take longer to do so. Actually ALL wood decks will turn gray over time, unless you apply sealer every few months, which is a lot of work.

Composite decking, on the other hand, is virtually maintenance free. Once it's laid down, it won't change much even through extreme weather. Some composite deck colors will fade over several years, but the fading is uniform, so you won't really notice it happening.

There are a few disadvantages to using composite. First, composite decking is more expensive than wood. This could be a problem if you have budget constraints. If you factor in the cost savings of not buying sealer for years, it might balance out the cost increase somewhat.

Another disadvantage of using composite decking is the possibility of the product failing. Just like any man-made product, composite decking could be faulty. A few years ago, one major composite decking manufacturer put out some defective material. This resulted in many decks going bad which created a class action lawsuit. Even with compensation given to consumers, many were stuck with high replacement costs. This doesn't mean every composite deck product is going to have problems, it's just a reminder that it COULD happen.

Overall, wood or composite decks are good. You just need to decide between a gray deck, a wood deck that requires maintenance, or a composite deck which requires no upkeep, but is more expensive and has the potential to go awry.




The author, Joseph Wood, has been a contractor for 30 years and is well versed in decking types. He has also created a website, How to Build a Deck, where he shares his construction knowledge and professional secrets for building your own deck. On his website, you'll find deck-building tips well as deck plans. This informative website is located at www.howtobuildadeckstepbystep.com.





This post was made using the Auto Blogging Software from WebMagnates.org This line will not appear when posts are made after activating the software to full version.

張貼者： 於 晚上10:08 0 意見
標籤： , , ,

2012年6月10日 星期日

The Best Deck Materials - Which One Is Right For You?


Which deck materials are right for your deck? Which material is best? Which one lasts longest? Which one requires the least maintenance? Which one costs the most? Or the least? If you choose wrongly, you may have just spent a lot of money on a product you aren't happy with. And one you will likely be stuck with for quite a while.

The answers to these questions and more are found here. There is no single answer to some questions about deck materials. Your situation has characteristics that others may not have, so your needs will be different. Let's look at the options so you can make an informed confident decision. One that you will be happy about for years.

The primary materials used for decks are; wood, composite, plastic and aluminum. We'll look at them individually as you decide what material is best for your deck and your wallet.

Wood

Wood is by far the most common material used for decks. Somewhere around 85 percent of single family homes have some sort of deck. A very high percentage of those are made of wood, mostly pressure treated pine. There are good reasons for the popularity of treated lumber. Yellow pine is strong. If you want to impress your friends you can describe it as dimensionally stable. The rest of us just say strong. It is inexpensive (relatively speaking) and readily available, pretty much everywhere. Treated lumber looks good, especially after it has been stained. When it weathers, it can be refinished easily and look as good or better than new. Yellow pine is easy to cut, nail, screw, and work with in general. On the down side, it doesn't last as long as most of the other products. With proper care, you should get 15 years of good service from a treated lumber deck. Yes, you will need to clean, sand and refinish it every other year or so. And there are always the splinters, cracks, warps, and general wearing out over time. It's always best to look at cost issues over time, rather than just the initial cost. Estimates vary, but when the cost of maintenance and earlier replacement is factored in, the cost of treated pine usually catches up with more expensive woods in 5 to 8 years. Of course, if you need to keep the initial cost low, the cost over 8 years isn't what is important at that time. Let's look at some of the other available wood species.

Redwood

Redwood is an excellent choice for deck material. But you should be very aware of the different grades of redwood. Essentially, the grade is determined by which part of the tree the wood came from, among other factors. The best, and most expensive grade is heartwood, which comes from the heart (or center) of the tree. "Construction heart" and "Select heart" are the best to use for decks. Heartwood can easily last over 30 years in favorable climates. Even in harsh climates it will easily last 20 years. Any other grade should be used only if pressure treated first. This and other harder "soft woods" should be drilled before nailing at the ends of the board to avoid splitting. Redwood has a brownish red color that ages beautifully. Maintenance is still required, but much less often than pressure treated pine. Redwood is about three times the cost of pressure treated pine. Labor costs should be comparable.

Cedar

Cedar is another fine choice for deck material. Again, grade is important. "Custom clear" or "Architect clear" are the best grades for your deck. Why, you ask, does it matter which part of the tree the lumber comes from? The center, or heart, of the tree contains more of the resins that make these species less susceptible to the damaging effects of the weather. The growth rings are closer together, giving the wood a tighter grain - so less tendency to warp. This wood is also more resistant to insects and less likely to rot. End of botany lesson. There are several varieties of cedar, with colors ranging from reds to yellows. The lighter colored species stain beautifully. Like redwood, the ends of the boards should be pre-drilled. Most cedars will easily last 20 years.

Mahogany

Mahogany is occasionally used for decking materials. You need to be careful if you choose mahogany - be sure the wood comes from South or Central America, Mexico, or the West Indies. Usually called American mahogany, this species has great qualities for deck building. It is highly resistant to water and insects and has a deep red color that makes a stunning deck. Avoid the Philippine mahogany varieties as they are not nearly as suitable. The same general rules apply with mahogany as with the other high end woods.

Ipe

Ipe (pronounced ee-pay) is a great wood for deck building. It has some characteristics that are unique among these high end deck materials. And its name is the most fun to say. Really, say "Ipe" quickly five times without giggling. Okay, maybe its just me. Anyway, the wood is extremely durable and is almost impossible to make warp, cup, twist OR splinter. There is no need to seal Ipe, except on the ends of the boards where it is cut. It will weather to a silvery gray color, but will not splinter and will remain smooth. Ipe is also known as ironwood and by the trade name of Pau Lope. It is a very slow growing tree, hence the growth rings are close together and it is extremely dense. That density produces its good qualities, but it also makes it very hard and very heavy. So it is hard to cut and hard to work with in general. Expect your labor costs to be high, as well as your material costs. If Ipe fits in your budget, you will have a beautiful, very low maintenance deck for 30 years or more.

Any of these woods, including the lowly pressure treated pine, can be used to build a beautiful, long lasting deck that will serve you well for years. The differences are in the life of the wood, the maintenance requirements, how it ages and weathers, and the appearance characteristics of the particular species. Cost is reflected in how well the particular decking materials respond to each of those factors. Weigh the benefits against your budget, pick one, and start building! Of course, there are other options as well...

Composite Deck Materials

Composite decking has been the subject of some controversy over the years. I really believe the problem was that it was over-hyped when it was introduced. Many people believed that it was the end of all problems associated with deck materials. They thought is was maintenance free and it would last forever. It is not and it will not. Composite decking is made of a blend of plastic and wood. If there are exposed pieces of wood, they will be subject to the same properties of deterioration as all other wood. The pieces of wood that are completely encapsulated within the plastic will not be exposed to the elements, so they should not deteriorate. Composite deck materials are not all the same, so use a quality product from a reputable source if you choose this option. Avoid the "cheapos', or you'll likely regret it. Composite decking material is "low maintenance"; it is NOT "no maintenance". I'm pretty sure that violates some grammar rule, but you know what I mean. The color will fade over time, and the material can collect stains. Composite material can be scratched fairly easily. In direct sunlight, it can get very hot! If you walk on it barefoot, it will not take you long to get where you wanted to be. However, you will not have any splinters, because there aren't any. Composite material can be prone to mold and mildew, although improvements in the product have made this less of a problem. It is not as structurally strong as wood so it has to be well supported to avoid "bounciness". Typically, treated yellow pine is used for the support structure and composite components are used for the decking and the rails. Thin material is available for wrapping the outer band to give a more uniform appearance. The railing components are quite expensive, so PVC railing is often substituted. When composite decking materials deteriorate, they can't be sanded and refinished, like real wood.

If this sounds like I'm anti-composite, I'm not. It is actually a good product and many, many people have used it with great results and are completely happy with it. It's just that the product was originally built up to be something it is not. The product is durable and while it will weather, it does not disintegrate. Many of the negatives I pointed out earlier also apply to real wood. Composite decking doesn't warp or rot, and never needs sanding or sealing. The boards are all consistent in size and appearance. There are no splits, cracks, or knotholes. Use it if it meets your needs, just understand that it does not last forever.

Plastic Deck Materials

Plastic deck materials are similar to composite, but there is no wood - they are pure plastic. These materials typically cost about 15% more than composite while keeping many of the same characteristics - but not all. Like composite, they offer a very consistent, uniform appearance. They are completely impervious to insects and to rot. Most plastic deck materials products are installed with a system that hides the screws, so there is a very neat appearance, The panels interlock so there is no water dripping through to the area underneath. This is especially nice if you have a patio or other usable space under you deck. Plastic decking requires little maintenance, similar to composite materials. It offers little in the way of structural strength, so proper support is critical. Unlike composite decking, plastic deck materials stay relatively cool, even in direct sunlight. Some customers complain of brittleness in very cold climates or when exposed to heavy UV rays for extended periods, but that is usually not a severe problem. In very hot climates, the plastic will expand and contract as it heats and cools, although again, this isn't normally excessive. From a practical standpoint, plastic decking makes a lot of sense, although it is expensive. From an aesthetic viewpoint, it is so consistent it lacks the "character" of other products. It almost looks too good. Of course, that is just my opinion, you may like that look. It has its advantages, so consider it for your project.

Aluminum Deck Materials

Aluminum is the last material we will consider here. I saved the most expensive for last. Just remember to consider that expense over time, not just at the initial buying time. Aluminum decking will outlast anything else mentioned, so if you buy it when you are 3 years old and live to be 96, it may actually be the cheapest! Really, it won't take that long to average out to be a good deal, but will you be in that house that long? It may help on resale, so you still might come out ahead. Aluminum is very low maintenance, and is easy to clean. It looks good, although it can be dented. Aluminum is lighter than the other products, but stronger. Like plastic, it stays cool in the sun, so there's no need to run across it like your on hot sand. Also like plastic, it has a very clean, almost sterile look. It lacks the homey character many of us like in good deck materials. It is probably the most practical, most expensive, but least warm of the deck materials listed. It would be an excellent choice for a commercial application, or maybe for a rental home at the beach.




Mike Faulk invites you to visit his Backyard Design Ideas website at http://backyard-design-ideas.com. Use the site as a resource as you plan your backyard projects. Discover options and ideas to make your dream backyard a reality. Learn to avoid pitfalls that can turn your dream into a nightmare. Stop by today!





This post was made using the Auto Blogging Software from WebMagnates.org This line will not appear when posts are made after activating the software to full version.

張貼者： 於 凌晨12:31 0 意見
標籤： , ,

2012年6月2日 星期六

Composite or Wood Decking - Which Is Better?


Part of the process of building a deck is deciding which materials to use for the decking. Basically, you have two choices - wood or composite. In this article, I'll share the pros and cons of each type to help you choose the best one for your deck.

The main difference between wood and composite decking is the amount of maintenance required. Wood decking requires more upkeep than composite, but looks nicer. The companies who manufacture composite decking are doing their best to make their product look like real wood, but so far haven't achieved it. I personally don't think they'll ever be able to match the beauty of real wood.

Because of the extra time needed to maintain wood decking, you first need to ask yourself if you have the extra time required to keep a wood deck sealed and looking good. If you DO have the time and are willing to spend it on your deck, great! Go with wood.

If, however, you don't have extra time or don't want to commit to sealing a wood deck once or twice a year, composite might be your best option.

Even though wood decks require more upkeep, there is a type of wood that can be used for decking which requires very little or no upkeep. That wood is cedar. I've actually laid wood decking and done absolutely NOTHING to it and had it last for years with no problems. Cedar is naturally resistant to rain, snow, and sunlight. It doesn't warp or twist, and have very little tendency to check or cup.

The only drawback with cedar decking left unsealed is that is will turn gray over time. If you are opposed to this look, you can opt to seal it once or twice per year. It may still "gray", but it will take longer to do so. Actually ALL wood decks will turn gray over time, unless you apply sealer every few months, which is a lot of work.

Composite decking, on the other hand, is virtually maintenance free. Once it's laid down, it won't change much even through extreme weather. Some composite deck colors will fade over several years, but the fading is uniform, so you won't really notice it happening.

There are a few disadvantages to using composite. First, composite decking is more expensive than wood. This could be a problem if you have budget constraints. If you factor in the cost savings of not buying sealer for years, it might balance out the cost increase somewhat.

Another disadvantage of using composite decking is the possibility of the product failing. Just like any man-made product, composite decking could be faulty. A few years ago, one major composite decking manufacturer put out some defective material. This resulted in many decks going bad which created a class action lawsuit. Even with compensation given to consumers, many were stuck with high replacement costs. This doesn't mean every composite deck product is going to have problems, it's just a reminder that it COULD happen.

Overall, wood or composite decks are good. You just need to decide between a gray deck, a wood deck that requires maintenance, or a composite deck which requires no upkeep, but is more expensive and has the potential to go awry.




The author, Joseph Wood, has been a contractor for 30 years and is well versed in decking types. He has also created a website, How to Build a Deck, where he shares his construction knowledge and professional secrets for building your own deck. On his website, you'll find deck-building tips well as deck plans. This informative website is located at www.howtobuildadeckstepbystep.com.





This post was made using the Auto Blogging Software from WebMagnates.org This line will not appear when posts are made after activating the software to full version.

張貼者： 於 凌晨12:01 0 意見
標籤： , , ,

2012年4月16日 星期一

Advances in Deck Materials Have Streamlined Assembly Which Will Save You Money in Labor


With every home improvement project that is completed, a sense of accomplishment is felt. A job well done can now be enjoyed and shown off. If the home owner isn't quite the handy man then perhaps that enjoyment is few and far between in coming. This doesn't mean that the new decking addition should wait any longer. A top quality deck can be designed and crafted in about half of the time it took 15 years ago. This is because of advances in engineered and composite decking as well as hardware and types of fasteners that have been invented in recent years.

The problems with most decks assembled in the past is that they were vulnerable to rot, expansion and contraction, fading and are now safety hazards. Everyone has seen the decks with split and warped boards. As the temperature changes throughout the seasons, wood expands and contracts. This expansion and contraction acts to loosen the screws or nails holding the deck boards to the joists ever so slightly. This is enough to allow moisture down into the screw holes. After the deck has endured its first winter, the rotting process begins.

To help combat the short life of traditional decks and improve safety, engineered or composite decking was invented. Now the homeowner has a myriad of choices from composites, which are recycled wood and plastics molded together with resins, to full plastic decking lumber. One might think that the plastics would be tacky and flimsy like vinyl siding, but not so. Plastic deck boards are very dense and have been molded to look exactly like regular lumber boards with a variety of color choices. Two of the most prominent advantages of engineered decking is that it greatly helps in the conservation of woodlands and animal habitats and it is much more durable than traditional wood deck boards. Each material, whether wood or engineered, possesses different characteristics which the decking contractor should be able to discuss with the homeowner.

Deck fastening hardware has undergone somewhat of a revolution from the simple days of nailing the deck board to the joist. In the past problems with nails or screws popping up created safety hazards that caused falls and cuts. The only way to correct this problem was to install more unsightly screws in the top securing the board to the joists again. Today hidden deck fasteners have gained in popularity. These hidden fasteners have even been improved upon and now there is a large variety and functionality. Some deck fasteners require that installation be done from underneath the deck joists while others can be installed topside. The most immediate benefit of all of these hidden deck fasteners is that the beauty of the deck itself can be enjoyed without the constant repetition of ugly screw holes.

Although these advances have made the assembly process faster and much more durable, they have not made the actual design of the deck itself easier. Another challenge to do-it-yourself decking is the type of soil and drainage that may cause problems if not addressed correctly. Unless the homeowner possesses basic carpentry skills and some knowledge of foundations or footings, decking is best left to the professionals.




For more information and guidance about decks, patios, and sun rooms, visit http://www.paradisedecking.com. Paradise Decking specializes in high-end, detailed construction and has a great portfolio of photos to illustrate creative ideas and concepts for recreational construction.

Daniel Elliott is an independent contractor who authors articles and media on a variety of topics for diverse audiences. WebDrafter.com, Inc. (http://www.webdrafter.com) produces Website design, hosting, and search engine marketing services for many of the clients, industries and markets related to the articles and media authored by Dan Elliott. If you would like Dan Elliott to ghost write or pen an article for you or your company, please contact him with your specifications.





This post was made using the Auto Blogging Software from WebMagnates.org This line will not appear when posts are made after activating the software to full version.

張貼者： 於 中午12:22 0 意見
標籤： , , , , , ,

2012年3月6日 星期二

Composite or Wood Decking - Which Is Better?


Part of the process of building a deck is deciding which materials to use for the decking. Basically, you have two choices - wood or composite. In this article, I'll share the pros and cons of each type to help you choose the best one for your deck.

The main difference between wood and composite decking is the amount of maintenance required. Wood decking requires more upkeep than composite, but looks nicer. The companies who manufacture composite decking are doing their best to make their product look like real wood, but so far haven't achieved it. I personally don't think they'll ever be able to match the beauty of real wood.

Because of the extra time needed to maintain wood decking, you first need to ask yourself if you have the extra time required to keep a wood deck sealed and looking good. If you DO have the time and are willing to spend it on your deck, great! Go with wood.

If, however, you don't have extra time or don't want to commit to sealing a wood deck once or twice a year, composite might be your best option.

Even though wood decks require more upkeep, there is a type of wood that can be used for decking which requires very little or no upkeep. That wood is cedar. I've actually laid wood decking and done absolutely NOTHING to it and had it last for years with no problems. Cedar is naturally resistant to rain, snow, and sunlight. It doesn't warp or twist, and have very little tendency to check or cup.

The only drawback with cedar decking left unsealed is that is will turn gray over time. If you are opposed to this look, you can opt to seal it once or twice per year. It may still "gray", but it will take longer to do so. Actually ALL wood decks will turn gray over time, unless you apply sealer every few months, which is a lot of work.

Composite decking, on the other hand, is virtually maintenance free. Once it's laid down, it won't change much even through extreme weather. Some composite deck colors will fade over several years, but the fading is uniform, so you won't really notice it happening.

There are a few disadvantages to using composite. First, composite decking is more expensive than wood. This could be a problem if you have budget constraints. If you factor in the cost savings of not buying sealer for years, it might balance out the cost increase somewhat.

Another disadvantage of using composite decking is the possibility of the product failing. Just like any man-made product, composite decking could be faulty. A few years ago, one major composite decking manufacturer put out some defective material. This resulted in many decks going bad which created a class action lawsuit. Even with compensation given to consumers, many were stuck with high replacement costs. This doesn't mean every composite deck product is going to have problems, it's just a reminder that it COULD happen.

Overall, wood or composite decks are good. You just need to decide between a gray deck, a wood deck that requires maintenance, or a composite deck which requires no upkeep, but is more expensive and has the potential to go awry.




The author, Joseph Wood, has been a contractor for 30 years and is well versed in decking types. He has also created a website, How to Build a Deck, where he shares his construction knowledge and professional secrets for building your own deck. On his website, you'll find deck-building tips well as deck plans. This informative website is located at www.howtobuildadeckstepbystep.com.





This post was made using the Auto Blogging Software from WebMagnates.org This line will not appear when posts are made after activating the software to full version.

張貼者： 於 上午10:21 0 意見
標籤： , , ,

2012年3月3日 星期六

Deck Lumber - Alternatives For Building a Better Deck Which Is More Durable and Stronger Than Wood


Cosmetically, a finished deck may appear to be sturdy and beautiful, but strength of the decking lumber should not solely be relied upon without having a solid foundation. There are a couple great alternatives to using real wood lumber for decking, gazebos and even pergolas, which can be stronger and more durable than real natural wood. Some die-hard traditionalists insist that nothing can match the natural beauty of wood, however, the differences between synthetic decking lumber and real wood is often blurred even to professionals. Aluminum decking is also available in different finishes as well in order to simulate a colored wood tone.

The primary reason for using synthetic materials is due to the quality of manufacturing processes reaching levels of excellence never before seen in the decking industry. There are exceptions to every rule and it is ultimately the home owner's responsibility to select which avenue to take. Just as some species of wood are able to stand up better to weather and resist insects and the damage which can be caused; there is often a difference in durability and quality from one synthetic lumber or aluminum decking to the next.

The only exposure to synthetic deck materials many home owners will get is whatever the local home improvement store will stock or what has been seen on television. There are well over 15 different manufactures of synthetic decking lumber and just as many ways to secure the decking to the deck framework. Some synthetic decking, sometimes referred to as composite decks, may be available in different thickness and composition. Some will actually be textured to resemble natural wood excellently well, while others will have a plastic appearance.

Regardless of which type of deck surface material is chosen, there is no substitute for proper footings and supporting the deck. Most home owners may attempt to construct their own deck as a do-it-yourself project not realizing the necessary inspections required to ensure that the structure will be properly constructed. Even many small time landscapers that may advertise building decks can unknowingly fail to follow all of the legal steps. Ultimately it is the responsibility of the home owner to pay for all of the taxes, permits and fines given this scenario.

The preliminary steps a home owner may take to ensure the likelihood of a smooth and efficient deck project when hiring a decking contractor is to verify the track record of the prospective service provider. A properly licensed contractor can be verified by the state body which issues business licenses and certificates. Many times these same departments may also have notations regarding any grievances filed with the state and the outcome. Information such as this can be invaluable for choosing a responsible contractor




Many websites provide additional information on the topic of custom deck building and home additions. One such site worth visiting is http://www.paradisedecking.com.

Dan Elliott independently authors articles for WebDrafter.com, Inc. ( http://www.webdrafter.com ) for search engine marketing. The views and opinions expressed in this article are those solely of the author, and not of any other person, company, or organization. No guarantee or warranty, express or implied, is made regarding the accuracy, fitness, or use of the content herein.





This post was made using the Auto Blogging Software from WebMagnates.org This line will not appear when posts are made after activating the software to full version.

張貼者： 於 清晨6:50 0 意見
標籤： , , , , , ,

2012年2月5日 星期日

Decking Lumber - Alternatives to Pressure Treated Wood Which Are Naturally Insect Resistant


In the not so distant past, decking did not enjoy the longevity it does today. Advancements in deck sealants, stains, and pressure treating wood have greatly enhanced the durability and appearance of the modern day deck. Proper annual or seasonal maintenance is still required to ensure a quality deck retains its quality over time. Choosing a better species of wood is the first place to start. A "better" species of wood is one which is more resilient to the harsh elements. There are only a few areas which do not receive a vast variety of temperature or climate changes. The majority of the U.S. is much like what North Carolina experiences year round. Temperatures ranging from freezing to hot can cause repeated and rapid contraction and expansion of deck lumber. Coupled with wet or icy conditions, most basic lumber, regardless of being pressure treated, will begin to show signs of age. What determines how quickly the custom deck will wear is the type of wood used.

The most commonly used types of decking lumber are pine, fir, cypress, and cedar. There are many more choices such as mahogany, redwood, and exotic lumbers. The more inexpensive of these types are pine, fir, and cypress. Regional location is factored into lumber pricing. For example, redwood should be less expensive in the western U.S. than it would in New England.

Pressure treated pine decking, or PT lumber, can be found in almost every hardware store or home improvement store. In years past, pressure treated lumber was commonly treated with chromated copper arsenate, or CCA. Unfortunately, this widely used type of treating was proven to be carcinogenic and very toxic due to arsenate leaching into groundwater, plants, and skin through repeated prolonged exposure.

It was quite common for many parks and playground equipment to use CCA pressure treated lumber. Most cities and towns have now replaced these poisonous structures with metal or synthetic equipment. Because of this danger, most larger home improvement store chains have now switched from stocking CCA treated wood to a more benign type of pressure treated wood. Fantastic alternatives to using pressure treated lumber are naturally resistant woods such as cedar, cypress, and high-grade redwood.

Again, every home owner needs to be aware of any pressure treated lumber used on their property, especially if gardening is being used to provide fruits, vegetables, and herbs. Once the soil is contaminated with CCA treated lumber, it should never be used again for the growing of foods. If the existing deck or structure is not known to be CCA free, the home owner needs to assume that the ground has been contaminated. The deck builder which installed the deck should have this information readily available, if not voluntarily informing the customer.

A newer alternative to wood is synthetic lumber or composite lumber. These alternatives use recycled lumber combined with epoxies and resins to form lumber substitutes. Synthetic lumber is considered a green and ecologically responsible alternative to deforestation. It can often be difficult to differentiate synthetic lumber from the genuine article once it has been installed. Sealing composite decking is not necessary to maintain the durability, appearance and strength.

Regardless of the type of lumber used in a deck installation, gazebo or other outdoor structure, if actual wood is used, sealing the wood with a water repellent sealer is a good idea. When purchasing any lumber or having a professional deck builder construct the deck, be sure to ask how best to maintain the specific type of lumber used.




Many websites provide additional information on the topic of custom deck building and deck design. One such site worth visiting is http://www.paradisedecking.com.

Dan Elliott independently author's articles for WebDrafter.com, Inc. ( http://www.webdrafter.com ) for search engine marketing. The views and opinions expressed in this article are those solely of the author, and not of any other person, company, or organization. No guarantee or warranty, express or implied, is made regarding the accuracy, fitness, or use of the content herein.





This post was made using the Auto Blogging Software from WebMagnates.org This line will not appear when posts are made after activating the software to full version.

張貼者： 於 中午12:30 0 意見
標籤： , , , , , , , ,

2012年1月11日 星期三

Trex Deck Or Redwood? Which is the Best Option For You?


If you are building a deck on your home, you have probably heard of "TREX" deck. If you haven't, it is a fairly new material to the deck building world, which is made of wood polymer and easy to care for. You don't have to seal it or worry about rot the way you do with natural wood decking. Many composite materials are being made into decking material, including recycled wood products. It is estimated that almost 80 percent of new deck construction is being done with TREX easy care decking, and only about 5 percent are being constructed of redwood, which used to be some of the most popular.

Because of environmental concerns and the high cost of wood products, many homeowners have considered TREX decking the best of both worlds. It is better for the economy since it is composed of wood particles, shavings and other things that might be considered waste and mixed with polymer to make a strong and durable product that requires little care, unlike wood decking. It is better for the redwoods and a more durable product. Most TREX decks come with a 25 year warranty against splitting, rotting and checking.

With redwood decking, you have to keep it sealed, or it will turn a grayish brown to preserve itself. Most people think the weather makes a deck look older, which is the reason they have opted for TREX, besides the maintenance issues. While redwood is a hardwood that is natural insect and rot resistant, it is more vulnerable than a composite decking.

Because of the obvious advantages of TREX decking, it is often the choice, hands-down, in today's deck construction. If you have not heard of it or seen it, you should investigate it before automatically deciding on a redwood deck. Not only is it better for the environment, but it is actually a better product that is affordable and doesn't require maintenance. There are vinyl or plastic composition decking materials on the market to consider that might be cheaper than TREX, but the formulation of TREX decks has been proven for long-lasting durability, which is want you want for your deck.

Most decking contractors are familiar with the new TREX decking and will be able to show you samples of your choices. The decking gives the appearance of a wood deck without the hassle of the upkeep. Obviously, there are going to be some people that just want a redwood deck, but they are no longer the majority. For the most durable deck, most people are choosing TREX over the redwood decks, even though there are many grades of redwood available. Brazilian redwood is a popular redwood for decks, but can be more expensive than other deck choices and harder to get.

When you are considering a deck for your home, you should build one that is large enough to entertain your family. You should consider fifteen square feet per person, minimum. A deck that is big enough to serve as an outside living space can add value to your home and give you years of enjoyment. Be sure and get as big of a deck as you can afford and your home or yard will accommodate. A deck is a good investment for your home and one that will add to resale value, if it is in good condition, TREX or redwood.




When you're looking for Castle Pines CO real estate in Colorado, try AutomatedHomefinder.com.





This post was made using the Auto Blogging Software from WebMagnates.org This line will not appear when posts are made after activating the software to full version.

張貼者： 於 下午2:47 0 意見
標籤： , ,

2011年12月24日 星期六

Pressure Treated Lumber For Decks - Alternatives to Chemically Processed Lumber Which May Be Better


The pressure treating process of lumber was invented approximately 70 years ago. ?Up until 2004, the main method for pressure treating lumber was with chromated copper arsenate. ?The main problem realized with CCA treated wood is that arsenic was discovered to leach out from this pressure treated lumber. ?Unfortunately this meant that almost every deck, gazebo, pergola and playground was exposing families to the highly toxic arsenic.

Many proponents and individuals working in the lumber industry have categorically denied that CCA lumber is environmentally safe. ?Claims have also been made that no one has been harmed or experienced any ill effects from CCA treated lumber. ?Fortunately, independent testing and medical records has shown otherwise. ?While the leaching out of toxins can be minimal, major negative health problems have been much higher when CCA lumber has been burned or exposure to sawdust from cutting the pressure treated lumber. ?

While the levels of arsenic which people were exposed to varied, the production of this type of chemical pressure treating was banned in the U.S. and parts of Europe in all residential and general use lumber as of 2004. ?Despite being banned, some old stock can turn up in stores. ?Even though CCA lumber was banned, it is still being produced in some products. ?The exceptions allowed are poles, marine lumber, piles and guard rails.

There are alternatives to using this older pressure treated lumber which have been created. ?ACQ, or Alkaline Copper Quat, is the most prevalent and easily found in home improvement stores for general use carpentry. ?There is a marginal increase in cost of this newer pressure treated lumber, but it does not have the same health risks associated with CCA.

No matter what type of chemical is used to treat the wood, eventually is will begin to break down from exposure to the elements. ?Another alternative to using wood as decking and playground equipment is synthetic lumber. ?One may also hear synthetic lumber go by the term composition decking. ?

Originally, synthetic lumber looked like it was synthetic. ?The quality and appearance of many different brands of synthetic decking are virtually indistinguishable from real wood today. ?Synthetic lumber has different formulas, but are essentially composed of resins, plastics and recycled material. ?The greatest advantage of utilizing synthetic decking lumber is that it is largely impervious to rot and damage from insects. ?The increased durability will also be accompanied by an increase in cost as opposed to using basic pressure treated deck boards.

There are several additional pros and cons to using particular types of synthetic lumber over others. ?Experienced and professional decking contractors should be able to inform the home owner of the important major differences and which type of decking is preferred for the specific climate and region. ?Should the contractor not provide a variety of possibilities; the home owner may need to do additional research.?




Many websites provide additional information on the topic of decking and pressure treated lumber. One such site worth visiting is http://www.paradisedecking.com.

---

Dan Elliott independently authors articles for WebDrafter.com, Inc. ( http://www.webdrafter.com ) for search engine marketing. The views and opinions expressed in this article are those solely of the author, and not of any other person, company, or organization. No guarantee or warranty, express or implied, is made regarding the accuracy, fitness, or use of the content herein.





This post was made using the Auto Blogging Software from WebMagnates.org This line will not appear when posts are made after activating the software to full version.

張貼者： 於 中午12:46 0 意見
標籤： , , , , , , , ,

2011年12月13日 星期二

The Best Deck Materials - Which One Is Right For You?


Which deck materials are right for your deck? Which material is best? Which one lasts longest? Which one requires the least maintenance? Which one costs the most? Or the least? If you choose wrongly, you may have just spent a lot of money on a product you aren't happy with. And one you will likely be stuck with for quite a while.

The answers to these questions and more are found here. There is no single answer to some questions about deck materials. Your situation has characteristics that others may not have, so your needs will be different. Let's look at the options so you can make an informed confident decision. One that you will be happy about for years.

The primary materials used for decks are; wood, composite, plastic and aluminum. We'll look at them individually as you decide what material is best for your deck and your wallet.

Wood

Wood is by far the most common material used for decks. Somewhere around 85 percent of single family homes have some sort of deck. A very high percentage of those are made of wood, mostly pressure treated pine. There are good reasons for the popularity of treated lumber. Yellow pine is strong. If you want to impress your friends you can describe it as dimensionally stable. The rest of us just say strong. It is inexpensive (relatively speaking) and readily available, pretty much everywhere. Treated lumber looks good, especially after it has been stained. When it weathers, it can be refinished easily and look as good or better than new. Yellow pine is easy to cut, nail, screw, and work with in general. On the down side, it doesn't last as long as most of the other products. With proper care, you should get 15 years of good service from a treated lumber deck. Yes, you will need to clean, sand and refinish it every other year or so. And there are always the splinters, cracks, warps, and general wearing out over time. It's always best to look at cost issues over time, rather than just the initial cost. Estimates vary, but when the cost of maintenance and earlier replacement is factored in, the cost of treated pine usually catches up with more expensive woods in 5 to 8 years. Of course, if you need to keep the initial cost low, the cost over 8 years isn't what is important at that time. Let's look at some of the other available wood species.

Redwood

Redwood is an excellent choice for deck material. But you should be very aware of the different grades of redwood. Essentially, the grade is determined by which part of the tree the wood came from, among other factors. The best, and most expensive grade is heartwood, which comes from the heart (or center) of the tree. "Construction heart" and "Select heart" are the best to use for decks. Heartwood can easily last over 30 years in favorable climates. Even in harsh climates it will easily last 20 years. Any other grade should be used only if pressure treated first. This and other harder "soft woods" should be drilled before nailing at the ends of the board to avoid splitting. Redwood has a brownish red color that ages beautifully. Maintenance is still required, but much less often than pressure treated pine. Redwood is about three times the cost of pressure treated pine. Labor costs should be comparable.

Cedar

Cedar is another fine choice for deck material. Again, grade is important. "Custom clear" or "Architect clear" are the best grades for your deck. Why, you ask, does it matter which part of the tree the lumber comes from? The center, or heart, of the tree contains more of the resins that make these species less susceptible to the damaging effects of the weather. The growth rings are closer together, giving the wood a tighter grain - so less tendency to warp. This wood is also more resistant to insects and less likely to rot. End of botany lesson. There are several varieties of cedar, with colors ranging from reds to yellows. The lighter colored species stain beautifully. Like redwood, the ends of the boards should be pre-drilled. Most cedars will easily last 20 years.

Mahogany

Mahogany is occasionally used for decking materials. You need to be careful if you choose mahogany - be sure the wood comes from South or Central America, Mexico, or the West Indies. Usually called American mahogany, this species has great qualities for deck building. It is highly resistant to water and insects and has a deep red color that makes a stunning deck. Avoid the Philippine mahogany varieties as they are not nearly as suitable. The same general rules apply with mahogany as with the other high end woods.

Ipe

Ipe (pronounced ee-pay) is a great wood for deck building. It has some characteristics that are unique among these high end deck materials. And its name is the most fun to say. Really, say "Ipe" quickly five times without giggling. Okay, maybe its just me. Anyway, the wood is extremely durable and is almost impossible to make warp, cup, twist OR splinter. There is no need to seal Ipe, except on the ends of the boards where it is cut. It will weather to a silvery gray color, but will not splinter and will remain smooth. Ipe is also known as ironwood and by the trade name of Pau Lope. It is a very slow growing tree, hence the growth rings are close together and it is extremely dense. That density produces its good qualities, but it also makes it very hard and very heavy. So it is hard to cut and hard to work with in general. Expect your labor costs to be high, as well as your material costs. If Ipe fits in your budget, you will have a beautiful, very low maintenance deck for 30 years or more.

Any of these woods, including the lowly pressure treated pine, can be used to build a beautiful, long lasting deck that will serve you well for years. The differences are in the life of the wood, the maintenance requirements, how it ages and weathers, and the appearance characteristics of the particular species. Cost is reflected in how well the particular decking materials respond to each of those factors. Weigh the benefits against your budget, pick one, and start building! Of course, there are other options as well...

Composite Deck Materials

Composite decking has been the subject of some controversy over the years. I really believe the problem was that it was over-hyped when it was introduced. Many people believed that it was the end of all problems associated with deck materials. They thought is was maintenance free and it would last forever. It is not and it will not. Composite decking is made of a blend of plastic and wood. If there are exposed pieces of wood, they will be subject to the same properties of deterioration as all other wood. The pieces of wood that are completely encapsulated within the plastic will not be exposed to the elements, so they should not deteriorate. Composite deck materials are not all the same, so use a quality product from a reputable source if you choose this option. Avoid the "cheapos', or you'll likely regret it. Composite decking material is "low maintenance"; it is NOT "no maintenance". I'm pretty sure that violates some grammar rule, but you know what I mean. The color will fade over time, and the material can collect stains. Composite material can be scratched fairly easily. In direct sunlight, it can get very hot! If you walk on it barefoot, it will not take you long to get where you wanted to be. However, you will not have any splinters, because there aren't any. Composite material can be prone to mold and mildew, although improvements in the product have made this less of a problem. It is not as structurally strong as wood so it has to be well supported to avoid "bounciness". Typically, treated yellow pine is used for the support structure and composite components are used for the decking and the rails. Thin material is available for wrapping the outer band to give a more uniform appearance. The railing components are quite expensive, so PVC railing is often substituted. When composite decking materials deteriorate, they can't be sanded and refinished, like real wood.

If this sounds like I'm anti-composite, I'm not. It is actually a good product and many, many people have used it with great results and are completely happy with it. It's just that the product was originally built up to be something it is not. The product is durable and while it will weather, it does not disintegrate. Many of the negatives I pointed out earlier also apply to real wood. Composite decking doesn't warp or rot, and never needs sanding or sealing. The boards are all consistent in size and appearance. There are no splits, cracks, or knotholes. Use it if it meets your needs, just understand that it does not last forever.

Plastic Deck Materials

Plastic deck materials are similar to composite, but there is no wood - they are pure plastic. These materials typically cost about 15% more than composite while keeping many of the same characteristics - but not all. Like composite, they offer a very consistent, uniform appearance. They are completely impervious to insects and to rot. Most plastic deck materials products are installed with a system that hides the screws, so there is a very neat appearance, The panels interlock so there is no water dripping through to the area underneath. This is especially nice if you have a patio or other usable space under you deck. Plastic decking requires little maintenance, similar to composite materials. It offers little in the way of structural strength, so proper support is critical. Unlike composite decking, plastic deck materials stay relatively cool, even in direct sunlight. Some customers complain of brittleness in very cold climates or when exposed to heavy UV rays for extended periods, but that is usually not a severe problem. In very hot climates, the plastic will expand and contract as it heats and cools, although again, this isn't normally excessive. From a practical standpoint, plastic decking makes a lot of sense, although it is expensive. From an aesthetic viewpoint, it is so consistent it lacks the "character" of other products. It almost looks too good. Of course, that is just my opinion, you may like that look. It has its advantages, so consider it for your project.

Aluminum Deck Materials

Aluminum is the last material we will consider here. I saved the most expensive for last. Just remember to consider that expense over time, not just at the initial buying time. Aluminum decking will outlast anything else mentioned, so if you buy it when you are 3 years old and live to be 96, it may actually be the cheapest! Really, it won't take that long to average out to be a good deal, but will you be in that house that long? It may help on resale, so you still might come out ahead. Aluminum is very low maintenance, and is easy to clean. It looks good, although it can be dented. Aluminum is lighter than the other products, but stronger. Like plastic, it stays cool in the sun, so there's no need to run across it like your on hot sand. Also like plastic, it has a very clean, almost sterile look. It lacks the homey character many of us like in good deck materials. It is probably the most practical, most expensive, but least warm of the deck materials listed. It would be an excellent choice for a commercial application, or maybe for a rental home at the beach.




Mike Faulk invites you to visit his Backyard Design Ideas website at http://backyard-design-ideas.com. Use the site as a resource as you plan your backyard projects. Discover options and ideas to make your dream backyard a reality. Learn to avoid pitfalls that can turn your dream into a nightmare. Stop by today!





This post was made using the Auto Blogging Software from WebMagnates.org This line will not appear when posts are made after activating the software to full version.

張貼者： 於 凌晨1:43 0 意見
標籤： , ,
訂閱： 文章 (Atom)